İngiltere'de konut standartlarının değişen bağlamı: Tudor Walters raporundan 2000 Homes projesine

Abstract

Abstract From the 19th century on, housing has been the most critical living space where normative decisions taken in the political and economic levels are reflected on individuals in the level of everyday life. Throughout the history of housing, the most definite instruments to follow the clue of this reflection are housing standards. In fact, the process of setting housing standards does not only depend on the political impacts. This research is aimed at studying the process of setting housing standards in Britain under the influences of various levels. Therefore, the changing context of standards has been studied according to the reports published by the State or an institution throughout the 20' century. Following reports have been discussed in these research: 1918 Tudor Walters Report, 1944 Dudley Report, 1961 Parker Morris Report, 1983 Homes for the Future and 2000 Homes Project. But the defined area of this research has been constructed by the detailed study of the reports, published in 1918, 1961 and 1983, in the political, physical, ideological and domestic contexts. In the political context, the role of the State in the provision of housing constituted the change in housing standards by handing over its responsibility to the conditions of the market in the 1980s. The transformation of the State shaped then the physical context of housing standards. Thus, the meaning of housing standards was also transformed from minimum standards set for the working classes in 1918 to maximum standards for the middle stratum in 1960s. In the ideological context, however, the State supported households to buy a house rather than to rent in the 1960's. The ideology of the State for privatisation in the 1980' s was also reflected on households in house-making. The unified impacts of political, physical and ideological contexts on the living unit are clarified in the domestic context. With the transformation of the house to a private living space, inhabitants have been encouraged to the consumerism and individualism in their domestic lives. Therefore, to reach the standards of the ideal home throughout the 20th century has been only a matter of an increase in the income levels of inhabitants.