Rheological behavior and injectability of PEG/glycerol/bioactive glass-based bone grafts incorporating Denosumab

Abstract

In this study, injectable bone graft putty samples were developed using fine and coarse melt-quenched 45S5 bioactive glass (BG) incorporated into a carrier system composed of glycerol and polyethylene glycol (PEG) with different average molecular weights. Selected putty samples were further incorporated with varying amounts of Denosumab (5wt%-10wt%) to investigate its influence on rheological behavior and flow properties using mathematical modeling. All PEG/glycerol/45S5-based putty samples exhibited viscoelastic behavior (storage modulus > loss modulus) and pseudoplastic behavior (n 0.95). This study highlights the influence of Denosumab on flowability and rheological relationships and suggests potential improvements in bioactivity through a dual synergistic effect of BG and Denosumab in minimally invasive bone graft systems.